Why can’t they get a vaccine out now?
My family and friends have asked this question. It can be hard to understand why, when a vaccine is so desperately needed, it takes so long to become available. Even in times of great need, vaccines must be proven as effective and safe. Fortunately, many promising options have already entered clinical trials. But the next hurdle to clear is producing enough vaccine to meet the global demand. Ideally, everyone will get this vaccine to safeguard from further spread or a resurgence of COVID-19. That would mean that we need the capacity to produce billions of doses and billions of doses requires a lot of infrastructure to make and ship.
What does it take to manufacture a new vaccine at commercial scale?
Once we’ve identified a potential vaccine, it takes time to verify the vaccine’s safety and efficacy through clinical trials. Clinical trials not only monitor the effectiveness of the product but also document possible side effects and noted drug interactions. Once clinical trials show that the product is effective, producing a large amount of it in a safe manner can take approximately four years. That timeline includes designing, building, qualifying and licensing a manufacturing facility, and then producing adequate amounts of the vaccine to get to market.
The production process needs to be validated to ensure that the vaccine is consistent, safe and effective. Manufacturing facilities have to prove that the process and product are right not just the first time, but every time. There must be controls and measures in place to verify that the vaccine fluid itself is formulated consistently and correctly, and also that the vials or syringes contain the correct dose, does not pose any hazard to the patient, is labeled correctly, and packaged appropriately for the use, and are stable.
How do we accelerate the vaccine production process?
All these steps, though time-consuming, are essential to the vaccine production process. However, this timeline can be shortened in several ways.
Use existing manufacturing space
Mobilizing a facility already at work on other types of vaccines sounds easy, but vaccines and treatments are made many different ways. The first challenge is finding a facility with the right equipment to produce the new product. The second challenge is that an older facility might be outdated. As manufacturing processes have changed, better process equipment has been engineered to improve ease cleaning, which affects facility throughput. Additionally, it can be difficult to ask an existing facility to change overnight. A facility chosen to manufacture a COVID-19 vaccine might have to halt its current work and likely bring in new equipment. Procuring that new equipment comes with a potentially long wait. A close evaluation of equipment and facilities must be performed to assess what new equipment may need to be purchased and if there are any regulatory issues that must be addressed.
Partner
Many companies are test fitting how the research that they are conducting matches with existing facilities of partner companies. In these days of fast track products, utilizing every element available to you to get the product to market matters. A clear review of the utilities, capabilities, and capacity of these facilities is needed to allow for a faster and low-risk implementation. We often work with our clients to provide risk assessments in order to develop fully an understanding of requirements and risk points in order to best fit a process into a facility. Partnering is usually a short-term approach that allows for a “greenfield” new construction effort to take place.
Use a contract development manufacturing organization (CDMO)
CDMOs develop the process for and manufacture other companies’ products. These organizations provide manufacturing space that is specially fit-out to process specific unit operations in a multi-product manner. Many are focused on one aspect of manufacturing; one may only provide the ability to make bulk product while another focuses primarily on filling the bulk drug substance into vials/syringes or making tablets, capsules. This allows a research organization to focus on product development and let highly trained personnel in a well-suited facility take care of the manufacturing. Relying on CDMOS to provide manufacturing experience and reliability reduces risk to the safety, efficacy, and availability of the drug product.
Scale out
Given all the constraints on new construction and retrofitting existing facilities, a scale-out approach may offer a quicker path to a viable and widely distributed COVID-19 vaccine than a scale-up. Scaling out means producing multiple smaller batches instead of larger batches using smaller equipment. Leveraging engineering and equipment design from one unit to the next, this allows for an appropriately scaled deployment of the vaccine, while freeing up units to be used for other products when not producing the vaccine. That’s important because few facilities produce one single product – particularly for a condition that is seasonal like the flu or COVID-19. The evaluations for the cost benefits of a scale-out approach consider many scenarios to find the best scale for overall long-term operations.
What’s the best option?
Despite the challenges that come with retrofitting or repurposing existing facilities, it is still one of the best options we have at our disposal to get vaccines to market quickly. This requires careful planning and assessment to determine the right approach for a given existing facility.
First, you must assess the availability and capacity of the existing process and support system. Does “spare” capacity already exist? Or can it be created by increasing current throughput? Use mathematical modeling and simulations to evaluate different scenarios. Then a risk assessment can help you determine the pros and cons of each situation. From there, you can also rank the risk based on added requirements and cost or schedule concerns with each option.
Do this not only for your facility, but also for partners’ facilities. When speed is paramount, collaboration is key, so maybe the best option for you is to specialize in one part of the process, based on your current or preferred technology, and to work with another company that excels in a different technology. For example, we may see one company focus on bulk production of the vaccine, another company will handle the filling and perhaps a third will finish and package the product.
This is also where contract development manufacturing organizations may help. But the caveat is that many CDMOs are already at capacity or reaching top capacity. And it may be even more difficult to find organizations with availability in the coming months.
Ideally, a combination of retrofitting, partnering with other companies, outsourcing to CDMOs and a scale-out approach will provide enough capacity in the short-term to begin vaccine production. That may also allow time for new construction to begin.
How do we prepare for the future and prevent another pandemic?
While new greenfield manufacturing facilities may not be constructed and operational in time to address COVID-19, there is a clear need for facilities with pandemic vaccine production capacity in the future. If infrastructure can be put in place now to reduce manufacturing timelines in the future, then we can react more quickly in unprecedented situations.
In the immediate future, the pharmaceutical industry will have to band together, collaborating to retrofit and outsource different production components. While companies and CDMOs try to find additional capacity, new construction will start, too. We are hard at work so that when a vaccine or treatment is ready for scale-up or for scale out, we’ll be ready to help produce it.
